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â€å“the Secret Relationship Between Blacks and the Jews Review

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1991 book by the Nation of Islam

The Hole-and-corner Relationship Betwixt Blacks and Jews Book 1
The Secret Relationship cover.jpg
Author Historical Research Department of NOI
Country The states
Language English
Publisher The Last Phone call

Publication appointment

 1991
Media type Print (hardback & paperback)
Pages 334 pp
ISBN 0-9636877-0-0
LC Class E185

The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews is a iii-volume piece of work of pseudo-scholarship,[7] published by the Nation of Islam. The first book, which was released in 1991, asserts that Jews dominated the Atlantic slave trade.[8] The Hush-hush Relationship has been widely criticized for being antisemitic and for failing to provide an objective analysis of the role of Jews in the slave trade.[9] [10] [11] [12] The American Historical Clan issued a argument condemning claims that Jews played a disproportionate role in the Atlantic slave trade,[12] and other historians such as Wim Klooster and Seymour Drescher ended that the role of Jews in the overall Atlantic slave trade was in fact minimal.[13] [14]

The volume uses selective citations in club to exaggerate the role of Jews.[eleven] [15] [xvi]

Reception [edit]

The book's thesis has been labeled an antisemitic canard by historians, including Saul S. Friedman, who contends that Jews had a minimal role in the New World slave trade.[10] Henry Louis Gates, Jr., head of the section of Afro-American studies at Harvard Academy, called the volume "the Bible of new antisemitism" and added that "the book massively misinterprets the historical record, largely through a process of cunningly selective quotations of often reputable sources".[11] Other black academics came forrard to condemn the book.[17] Eugene Genovese, an American historian and expert on slavery, wrote that the book "rivals The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in fantasy and gross distortion. The absurdity of its pretenses to scholarship are outweighed by its sheer viciousness. Information technology must be taken with mortiferous seriousness equally a transparent attempt to foment antisemitism, irrationality, and hatred, and to subvert intellectual soapbox and common decency on our campuses."[18]

Wim Klooster noted that in "no catamenia did Jews play a leading role as financiers, shipowners, or factors in the Transatlantic or Caribbean slave trades. They possessed far fewer slaves than non-Jews in every British territory in North America and the Caribbean. Even when Jews in a handful of places owned slaves in proportions slightly to a higher place their representation among a town'southward families, such cases do non come close to corroborating the assertions of The Underground Relationship."[13]

The volume was criticized for being antisemitic and for failing to provide an objective analysis of the role of Jews in the slave trade. Common criticisms were that the book used selective quotes, made "rough employ of statistics,"[9] and was purposefully trying to exaggerate the role of Jews.[15] Historian Ralph A. Austen criticized the book, saying that the "distortions are produced near entirely by selective citation rather than explicit falsehood ... more frequently in that location are innuendos imbedded in the accounts of Jewish involvement in the slave trade,"[xix] and "[west]hile nosotros should not ignore the antisemitism of The Secret Relationship..., we must recognize the legitimacy of the stated aim of examining fully and direct fifty-fifty the virtually uncomfortable elements in our [Black and Jewish] common by."[twenty]

In 1995, the American Historical Association (AHA) issued a argument condemning "any statement alleging that Jews played a disproportionate role in the Atlantic slave trade."[21]

The publication of The Secret Human relationship spurred retorts published specifically to abnegate the thesis of The Cloak-and-dagger Relationship:

  • 1992 – Harold Brackman, Jew on the Brain: A Public Refutation of the Nation of Islam's The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews. The booklet was published privately by Pecker Adler, the former director of publicity for Def Jam Recordings, subsequently learning that the rapper Ice Cube had endorsed The Secret Relationship.[22] In his foreword, Adler wrote, "I care way too much nearly black-Jewish relations – and especially about blackness-Jewish relations in the rap customs – to allow 'The Secret Relationship' to become unchallenged." The booklet's afterword was written by Cornel West.[23] It was republished that same twelvemonth, minus its original foreword and afterword, as "Farrakhan's Reign of Historical Error: The Cloak-and-dagger Relationship Betwixt Blacks & Jews" by the Simon Wiesenthal Center.[24] In 1994, information technology was republished for a second fourth dimension under the title "Ministry of Lies: the Truth Behind 'The Surreptitious Relationship Between Blacks and Jews'" by Four Walls Eight Windows.[25]
  • 1992 – David Brion Davis, "Jews in the Slave Trade," in Culturefront (Fall 1992) pp 42–45.
  • 1993 – Seymour Drescher, "The Part of Jews in the Atlantic Slave Trade," Immigrants and Minorities, 12 (1993), pp 113–125.
  • 1993 – Marc Caplan, Jew-Hatred As History: An Assay of the Nation of Islam's "The Secret Relationship" (Published by the Anti Defamation League).
  • 1998 – Eli Faber, Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Merchandise: Setting the Tape Straight, New York University Press.[13]
  • 1999 – Saul S. Friedman, Jews and the American Slave Trade, Transaction. Friedman's work has been described as a successful rebuke of The Hush-hush Relationship. In his piece of work, Friedman referred to The Hugger-mugger Relationship as the "Handbook of Hate", and described information technology as "ane office fact and nine parts fable".[26] [27] [28]

Holocaust historian Deborah Lipstadt called the book the "African American-oriented version" of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.[29]

Legal historian Paul Finkelman states that the central thesis of the volume is "ludicrous and considered absurd past all serious scholars."[30]

Historian Glenn C. Altschuler and Robert Summers called The Secret Relationship a "compendium of conspiracy theories."[31]

Classics scholar Mary Lefkowitz chosen the volume "hate literature" and wrote: "The authors of The Hole-and-corner Relationship continually misquote Jewish sources, taking quotations out of context, or citing equally back up works that actually say the opposite of what they are claiming. They brand a number of claims that are incommunicable to substantiate, such as that Jews (rather than Arabs) dominated the transatlantic slave merchandise; that they were the dominant slave traders and holders in the South; that they raped blackness women; that they infected Native Americans with smallpox...The known facts well-nigh the slave trade give a completely different moving picture of the level of Jewish participation."[32]

Seymour Drescher who analyzed the role of Jews in the overall Atlantic slave trade ended that it was "minimal," and only identified certain regions (such as Brazil and the Caribbean area) where the participation was "significant."[14]

Subsequent volumes [edit]

Book Two of The Secret Relationship Betwixt Blacks and Jews was published in 2010, with the subtitle "How Jews Gained Control of the Black American Economic system".[33] According to the Anti-Defamation League, Book Two blames Jews for "promoting a myth of black racial inferiority and makes a range of conspiratorial accusations about Jewish interest in the slave trade and in the cotton, textiles, and banking industries".[34]

Titled only The Secret Human relationship Between Blacks and Jews Volume 3, the 3rd installment was published in 2016.[35] As summarized past the ADL, the work claims the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan and the subjugation of Black people during the early 20th century not only enriched but likewise was orchestrated by Jewish businessmen of the fourth dimension. Further, the responsibility of the lynching of Leo Frank was also the piece of work of Jews.[36]

Run into besides [edit]

  • African American–Jewish relations
  • The American Mercury
  • Louis Farrakhan
  • Jewish views on slavery
  • Tony Martin (professor)
  • Nation of Islam and antisemitism
  • Slavery in the United States

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Hauptman, Robert (2011). "History Lesson: A Race Odyssey". Journal of Data Ethics. McFarland & Company. 20 (2): 175–177. ProQuest 1682848366 – via ProQuest. pseudo- scholarly works such equally The Surreptitious Relationship Between Blacks and Jews...
  2. ^ Sundquist, Eric J. (2009-06-30). Strangers in the Land: Blacks, Jews, Post-Holocaust America. Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-04414-2. The culmination of the Nation of Islam's misguided and preposterous camping of anti-Semitism was the Secret Relationship betwixt Blacks and Jews (1991), an incendiary work of pseudo-scholarship...
  3. ^ Aldama, Frederick Luis (2018-05-15). Comics Studies Here and Now. Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-one-351-01525-7. The NOI's anti-Semitic pseudo-scholarship codified Farrakhan'southward long-held belief in a Jewish world conspiracy...
  4. ^ Ruthven, Malise (2012-05-fourteen). Encounters with Islam: On Religion, Politics and Modernity. I.B.Tauris. ISBN978-0-85773-394-eight. In the NOI's pseudo-scholarly report, The Secret Human relationship between Blacks and Jews
  5. ^ Ostow, Mortimer (2018-04-17). Myth and Madness: The Psychodynamics of Anti-Semitism. Routledge. ISBN978-one-351-29314-3. He calls attention to a canard circulated in a pseudo-scholary work chosen 'The Hugger-mugger Human relationship Betwixt Blacks and Jews.'
  6. ^ Reid-Pharr, Robert (Apr 2001). Blackness Gay Man: Essays. New York: NYU Press. p. 40. ISBN978-0-8147-6921-8. This reality leads, I believe, not only to the foreign pseudoscholarship represented within The Secret Relationship...
  7. ^ [i] [two] [iii] [4] [5] [6]
  8. ^ Austen, pp 131–133.
  9. ^ a b Austen, p 134.
  10. ^ a b Jews and the American Slave Merchandise, Saul Due south. Friedman, Transaction Publishers, 1999 pp. two, xl.
  11. ^ a b c Gilles Kepel Allah in the West: Islamic movements in America and Europe, Stanford University Press, 1997 pp. 68–69.
  12. ^ a b Encyclopedia of American Jewish history, Volume 1, pp. 199.
  13. ^ a b c Klooster, Wim (2000). "Review of Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Tape Direct". The William and Mary Quarterly. 57 (1): 217–219. doi:10.2307/2674369. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 2674369.
  14. ^ a b Drescher: JANCAST: p 455: "only in the Americas – momentarily in Brazil, more durably in the Caribbean – tin can the function of Jewish traders be described every bit significant." .. but elsewhere involvement was modest or minimal p 455.
  15. ^ a b Austen p 133-134.
  16. ^ Sorin, Gerald (2000). "Black Antisemitsm on Campus: Political Opportunism and Academic Betrayal". Michael: On the History of the Jews in the Diaspora. Tel Aviv University: 197–225. ISSN 0334-4150. JSTOR 23497240 – via JSTOR.
  17. ^ Mehler, Barry (1993-01-01). "African American Racism in the Academic Community". The Review of Teaching. Routledge. xv (3–4): 341–353. doi:10.1080/0098559930150317. ISSN 0098-5597.
  18. ^ Perry, Marvin; Schweitzer, Frederick Chiliad. (2002). Antisemitism : Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 249. doi:10.1057/9781403979124. ISBN978-1-4039-7912-4. OCLC 560189311.
  19. ^ Austen, p 133.
  20. ^ Austen, p 136.
  21. ^ "AHA Quango Issues Policy Resolution about Jews and the Slave Trade | AHA". www.historians.org . Retrieved 2018-04-05 .
  22. ^ "Bill Adler Booklet Refutes 'Blacks and Jews' Assertions," Billboard, June 27, 1992.
  23. ^ Jew on the brain : A public refutation of the Nation of Islam's the Secret human relationship between Blacks and Jews. H. Brackman, [1992] ©1992. 1992.
  24. ^ https://www.worldcat.org/championship/farrakhans-reign-of-historical-fault-the-truth-behind-the-secret-relationship-between-blacks-and-jews/oclc/26490407[ bare URL ]
  25. ^ Harold Brackman, Ph. D.; Harold Brackman Ph, D. (xiv September 1994). Ministry building of Lies: The Truth Behind the Clandestine Human relationship Between Blacks and Jews. ISBN1568580169.
  26. ^ Dinnerstein, Leonard; Friedman, Saul Southward. (1999). "Jews and the American Slave Trade". The American Historical Review. 104 (1): 191. doi:ten.2307/2650237. JSTOR 2650237.
  27. ^ Miller, Joseph C.; Faber, Eli; Friedman, Saul Southward. (December 1999). "Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Tape Straight". The Journal of American History. 86 (3): 1327. doi:x.2307/2568634. JSTOR 2568634.
  28. ^ Manning, Patrick (2000). "Jews and the American Slave Trade (review)". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies. 18 (iv): 175–177. doi:10.1353/sho.2000.0003. ISSN 1534-5165. S2CID 170466024.
  29. ^ Lipstadt, Deborah (2012). "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion on the Contemporary American Scene". In Landes, Richard; Katz, Steven T. (eds.). The Paranoid Apocalypse: A Hundred-Year Retrospective on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. NYU Press. p. 180. ISBN978-0-8147-4892-3.
  30. ^ Finkelman, Paul (1999). "Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight (review)". American Jewish History. Johns Hopkins Academy Press. 87 (ii): 237–240. doi:10.1353/ajh.1999.0014. ISSN 1086-3141. S2CID 161087403.
  31. ^ Altschuler, Glenn C.; Summers, Robert O. (2019-12-31), Pollack, Eunice G. (ed.), "Bad Rap: Public Enemy and Jewish Enmity", Anti-Semitism on the Campus, Academic Studies Press, pp. 317–329, doi:10.1515/9781618110428-016, ISBN978-1-61811-042-eight, S2CID 213676390, retrieved 2021-10-31
  32. ^ Lefkowitz, Mary R. (April 28, 2009). "Turning Myths into History". History lesson : A Race Odyssey. New Haven: Yale University Printing. pp. 62–66. doi:10.12987/9780300145199-005. ISBN978-0-300-12659-4. OCLC 179833176. S2CID 246127673 – via De Gruyter.
  33. ^ Highlights and Cardinal Points of The Surreptitious Relationship between Blacks and Jews, Volumes 1 and 2, http://noirg.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/TSR.HighlightsKeyPoints1.pdf
  34. ^ "Farrakhan in his own words", ADL, online.
  35. ^ "The Clandestine Relationship Between Blacks and Jews Book 3 – Final Call Shop". finalcallstore.noi.org . Retrieved 2022-04-04 .
  36. ^ "Nation of Islam: Publications". Anti-Defamation League . Retrieved 2022-04-04 .

References [edit]

  • Austen, Ralph A., "The Uncomfortable Human relationship: African Enslavement in the Common History of Blacks and Jews", in Strangers & neighbors: relations betwixt Blacks & Jews in the United States, Maurianne Adams (Ed.), Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1999, pp 131–135.
  • Brackman, Harold, Jew on the encephalon: A public refutation of the Nation of Islam's The Secret relationship between Blacks and Jews (self-published), 1992. Later renamed and re-published equally Farrakhan's Reign of Historical Error: The Truth behind The Secret Human relationship (published past the Simon Wiesenthal Center). Expanded into a book in 1994: Ministry of Lies: The Truth Backside the Nation of Islam's "the Hugger-mugger Relationship Between Blacks and Jews" (published by 4 Walls, 8 Windows).
  • Caplan, Marc Jew-Hatred As History: An Analysis of the Nation of Islam'south "The Hole-and-corner Human relationship" (published by the Anti Defamation League), 1993.
  • Davis, David Brion, "Jews in the Slave Trade", in Culturefront (Fall 1 992) pp 42–45.
  • Drescher, Seymour, "The Part of Jews in the Transatlantic Slave Merchandise", in Strangers & neighbors: relations between Blacks & Jews in the United States, Maurianne Adams (Ed.), Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1999, pp 105–115.
  • Drescher, Seymour, (EAJH) "Jews and the Slave trade", in Encyclopedia of American Jewish history, Volume ane, Stephen Harlan (Ed.), 1994, folio 414–416.
  • Drescher, Seymour, (JANCAST) "Jews and New Christians in the Atlantic Slave Trade" in The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the Due west, 1400–1800, Paolo Bernardini (Ed.), 2004, p 439–484.
  • Faber, Eli, Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Directly, New York University Press, 1998.
  • Friedman, Saul S. Jews and the American Slave Trade, Transaction, 1999.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews

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